IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA ORIGINAL WRIT JURISDICTION WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 829 of 2013
S. G. Vombatkere & Anr. Petitioners versus
Union of India & Ors. Respondents
And other Aadhaar Cases
Written Submission by the Ms. Shanta Sinha
1. The case at hand is unique. In part, this is because the programme challenged here is itself without precedent. No democratic society has adopted a programme that is similar in its command and sweep. There are few judicial precedents to guide us. The closest foreign
cases have all been decided in favour of the citizen, repelling the invasive programme by the State.
2. This case is about a new technology that the government seeks to deploy and a new architecture of governance that builds on this technology. The government and its supporters contend that the biometric technology employed and the Aadhaar Act is greatly beneficial. The petitioners challenge the programme and the statute and rely on material that discredits the government’s tall claims.
3. The petitioners are certain that if the Aadhaar Act and programme is allowed to operate unimpeded it will hollow out the Constitution, particularly the great rights and liberties it assures to citizens. A People’s Constitution will transform into a State Constitution.
4. The question that arises is whether the Constitution of India allows the State to embrace this new programme or whether the Constitution repudiates this giant electronic mesh. The petitioners submit that the Constitution firmly repudiates Aadhaar. TheConstitution must do so in order (a) to preserve itself, its abiding values, its foundational morality and (b) to protect citizens from the advent of an all-seeing, intrusive State that recognises not the individual, but a number.
5. Writing in 1974, Nani Palkhivala analysed the Kesavananda Bharati case in a slim volume he titled, The Constitution: Defaced and Defiled. The threat here is far more insidious. We do not have a frontal attack on the Constitution by amending it. Instead, through a succession of marketing stratagems and by employing smoke and mirrors, the government has rolled out a little understood programme that seeks to tether every resident of India to anelectronic leash. This leash is connected to a central data base thatis designed to track transactions across the life of the citizen. This record will enable the State to profile citizens, track their
movements, assess their habits and silently influence their behaviour. Over time, the profiling enables the State to stifle dissent and influence political decision making. As the Aadhaar
platform extends to private corporations, the degree of trackingand extent of profiling will exponentially increase. Several Stategovernments have started using the Aadhaar platform to build profiles of residents that is reminiscent of totalitarian regimes.
6. At its core, Aadhaar alters the relationship between the citizen andthe State. It diminishes the status of the citizen. Rights freely exercised, liberties freely enjoyed, entitlements granted by the
Constitution and laws are all made conditional. Conditional on acompulsory barter. The barter compels the citizen to give up her biometrics ‘voluntarily’, allow her biometrics and demographic
information to be stored by the State and private operators andthen used for a process termed ‘authentication’. The State issues an Aadhaar number and then requires the number to be embedded across service providers and agencies — unless the number is seeded in databases of the service provider, the citizen is deniedaccess to these most essential facilities. Inalienable and natural rights are dependent on a compulsory exaction.
7. The State is empowered with a ‘switch’ by which it can cause thecivil death of an individual. Where every basic facility is linked to Aadhaar and one cannot live in society without an Aadhaar
number, the switching off of Aadhaar completely destroys the individual.
8. Could it ever be envisaged that under this Constitution which ‘We the People’ have fashioned after a long freedom struggle steeped in sacrifice, the State can arrogate to itself so much power that it can ‘ extinguish’ a citizen or be willfully blind with respect to a citizen who would like to identify himself in a manner other than Aadhaar?
9. The Constitution balances rights of individuals against State interest. Aadhaar completely upsets this balance and skews the relationship between the citizen and the State, enabling the State to totally dominate the individual. The Constitution of India is not a
charter of servitude. Aadhaar, if allowed to roll out unimpeded reduces citizens to servitude.
10. What then are some of the key issues that arise in this case?
a) Whether the Constitution of India sanctions the creation of a surveillance state and surveillance society where routine and regular every day transactions are recorded by the State;
b) Whether the personal autonomy of Indians extends tobiometrics such as finger prints and iris scans and consequently whether citizens of India can be required to usetheir bodies as markers wherever demanded;
c) Whether the Rule of Law, a basic feature of the IndianConstitution mandates that where demographic and biometric information is collected from citizens at the instance of the State, the exercise is (i) backed by law, (ii) carried out by government alone having regard to the very
sensitive and personal nature of the information, (iii)preceded by a meaningful process of securing informed consent. Whether the Aadhaar project conflicts with the Rule
of Law and constitutionalism?
d) Is the Aadhaar Act, 2016 a validly enacted law, having been passed as a Money Bill?
e) Whether the right to privacy guaranteed under Part III of the Constitution, especially dimensions such as ‘the right to be let alone’ and ‘the right to be forgotten’, entitle a citizen to
protect her personal identity, her movements, her socialinteractions, etc., without being forced to part with personal information to the State and without being forced to embed
her information with government departments and private entities?
f) Whether in a democracy, the citizen has a choice forestablishing her identity. Correspondingly, whether the State is under an obligation to allow access to benefits, services,subsidies, etc. so long as the individual chooses to identifyherself in some reasonable manner?
g) Whether the coercive power of the State under the Aadhaar project can extend to children?
h) Whether in a digital world the right to personal autonomy extends to informational self-determination? Whether anindividual can protect herself by controlling the information
she chooses to put out?
i) Whether the vulnerability of the Aadhaar database compromises national security?
11. In this batch of cases the challenge is directed at the constitutional validity of:
(a) The Aadhaar programme that operated between 28.01.2009 until the bringing into force of the Aadhaar Act, 2016 on 12.07.2016;
(b) The Aadhaar Act, 2016 (and alternatively certain provisions of that Act);
(c) Elements of the Aadhaar project or programme that continue to operate though not within the cover of the Act.
(d) Specific Regulations framed under the Aadhaar Act, illustratively the Aadhaar (Authentication) Regulations, 2016.
(e) A set of subordinate legislation in the form of statutory rules/ regulations including:
• The Money Laundering (Amendment) Rules, 2017;
(f) All notifications (nearly 139) issued under Section 7 of the Aadhaar Act (assuming the Act is upheld) in so far as they make Aadhaar mandatory for availing certain benefits/
services/ subsidies including PDS, MGNREGA and social security pension;
(g) Actions on the part of the authorities to make Aadhaar mandatory even where not covered by Section 7, inter alia,
• Actions by CBSE, NEET, JEE.
• UGC requirements for scholarship.
(h) Specifically, actions on part of the Union government mandating linking of mobile phones and Aadhaar vide DoT circular dated 23.03.2017.
(i) Section 139AA of the Income Tax Act in so far as it violates Article 21 by mandating linking Aadhaar to PAN and requiring Aadhaar linkage for filing returns.
12. Apart from the declaratory reliefs regarding ultra vires and certiorari to quash the provisions/actions enumerated above, there are certain other reliefs that are also sought including:
(a) Suitable declarations regarding the physical autonomy of a person over her own body qua the Indian state;
(b) Mandatory directions requiring the respondents to give an option to persons who are enrolled with the Aadhaar programme to opt out and to delete the data with suitable
certification for compliance;
(c) Mandatory directions to all concerned authorities that should the Aadhaar Act, etc. be upheld, nevertheless, every person must be entitled to avail services, benefits etc. through alternative means of identification. Negatively, nothing can be withheld from a citizen merely because she/he does not have an Aadhaar card or does not wish to use their Aadhaar card.
(d) Mandatory directions consistent with the fundamental right to privacy and the right of a citizen to “to be let alone” that no electronic trail or record of his/her authentication be
maintained.